Tuesday, December 31, 2019
4 Publications of the Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, was actually a cultural phenomenon that began in 1917 with the publication of Jean Toomers Cane. The artistic movement ended in 1937 with the publication of Zora Neale Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. For twenty years, Harlem Renaissance writers and artists explored themes such as assimilation, alienation, racism, and pride through the creation of novels, essays, plays, poetry, sculpture, paintings, and photography. These writers and artists would not have been able to launch their careers without having their work seen by the masses. Four notable publicationsâ€â€The Crisis, Opportunity, The Messenger and Marcus Garveys Negro World printed the work of many African-American artists and writers-helping the Harlem Renaissance become the artistic movement that made it possible for African-Americans to develop an authentic voice in American society. The Crisis Established in 1910 as the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), The Crisis was the preeminent social and political magazine for African-Americans. With W. E. B. Du Bois as its editor, the publication stuck by its subtitle: A Record of the Darker Races by devoting its pages to events such as the Great Migration. By 1919, the magazine had an estimated monthly circulation of 100,000. That same year, Du Bois hired Jessie Redmon Fauset as literary editor of the publication. For the next eight years, Fauset devoted her efforts to promoting the work of African-American writers such as Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, and Nella Larsen. Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life As the official magazine of the National Urban League (NUL), the mission of the publication was to lay bare Negro life as it is. Launched in 1923, editor Charles Spurgeon Johnson began the publication by publishing research findings and essays. By 1925, Johnson was publishing literary works of young artists such as Zora Neale Hurston. That same year, Johnson organized a literary contest--the winners were Hurston, Hughes, and Cullen. In 1927, Johnson anthologized the best pieces of writing published in the magazine. The collection was entitled Ebony and Topaz: A Collectanea and featured the work of members of the Harlem Renaissance. The Messenger The politically radical publication was established by A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen in 1917. Originally, Owen and Randolph were hired to edit a publication entitled Hotel Messenger by African-American hotel workers. However, when the two editors wrote a blaring article that exposed union officials of corruption, the paper ceased printing. Owen and Randolph quickly rebounded and established the journal The Messenger. Its agenda was socialist and its pages included a combination of news events, political commentary, book reviews, profiles of important figures and other items of interest. In response to the Red Summer of 1919, Owen and Randolph reprinted the poem If We Must Die written by Claude McKay. Other writers such as Roy Wilkins, E. Franklin Frazier, and George Schuyler also published work in this publication. The monthly publication stopped printing in 1928. The Negro World Published by the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), The Negro World had a circulation of more than 200,000 readers. The weekly newspaper was published in English, Spanish, and French. The newspaper was dispersed throughout the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean. Its publisher and editor, Marcus Garvey, used the pages of the newspaper to preserve the term Negro for the race as against the desperate desire of other newspapermen to substitute the term colored for the race. Every week, Garvey provided readers with a front-page editorial concerning the plight of people in the African Diaspora. Garveys wife, Amy, served as an editor as well and managed the Our Women and What They Think page in the weekly news publication. In addition, The Negro World included poetry and essays that would interest people of African descent throughout the world. Following Garveys deportation in 1933, The Negro World stopped printing.
Monday, December 23, 2019
How Feminist Therapy Is Well As Rational Emotive...
This paper will extensively analyze Feminist Therapy as well as Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy. In this paper, I will discuss the biographical history of the theory developers, key concepts of each theory, as well as each theorist’s view of human nature, the reason and development of conflict that the client experiences, the roles of the therapist and client in therapy, and the goals of each therapeutic process. Additionally, I will investigate the multicultural perspectives of each theory. At the end of this paper, I will compare and contrast the similarities and differences between these two theories. Feminist Theory Background and Nature of the Theories Developer Unlike many theories, Feminist theory was not founded by one, single individual. Rather, the development of feminist theory was a collaborate effort made by many. Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Laura S. Brown, Jean Baker Miller and Olivia M. Espin can be considered pioneers of feminist theory. Jean Baker Miller was a clinical professor of psychiatry at Boston University. Dr. Miller wrote and co-authored books pertinent to Feminist theory. Additionally, by collaborating with a variety of scholars and colleagues, she helped contribute to the development of relational-cultural theory (Corey, 2013). Carolyn Zerbe Enns has made significant contributions to feminist theory; Enns has devoted much of her time to exploring the implementation of feminist theory to therapeutic processes. Enns is one of the threeShow MoreRelatedMy Future As A School Counselor1605 Words  | 7 Pagesthe best interest of the student. Cognitive Behavior Therapy Some of the prominent cognitive behavioral approaches of Cognitive Behavior Therapy include Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Aaron T Beck’s and Judith Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (CT), and Donald Meichenabum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification (CBM) (Corey, 2013). Albert Ellis developed REBT as an action approach to managing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances in which emotions stem from our beliefs duringRead MoreIntegrated Approach For Counseling And Counseling1653 Words  | 7 Pagestheories that an Integrated Perspective uses are psychoanalytic, Adlerian, existential, person-centered, Gestalt, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, rational emotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, reality therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, narrative therapy, and feminist therapy (Corey Bludworth, 2013). Integrative approach to counseling looks beyond what a single approach holds and how clients can benefit from a variety of the ories. The advantage of an integrative approach to counseling isRead MoreCognitive Behaviorism And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy6993 Words  | 28 Pagesquick fixes into behavioral problems and emotional distresses. Often times, students are confused by the terminologies cognitive and cognitive-behaviorism. To add to the confusion, there is also cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. These terms are sometimes used interchangeably in literature, but there are slight differences. Cognitive therapy is a specific type of therapy technique developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a group of therapy techniques that
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Bretton Woods Essay Free Essays
Bretton Woods Conference The Background During the World War I and World War II the international monetary system is split into several competing currency blocs, the fierce trade war between the global recession and nation. In the post-World War II, at the end of World War II, the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Bretton Woods Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now dollar has enjoyed a unique and powerful position in international trade and also because British and American governments for consideration of national interests, ideas and design of post-war international monetary system, proposed separately by the â€Å"White Plan†and â€Å"the Keynes plan. Huai-held plans†and â€Å"Keynes Plan†with is the establishment of international financial institutions, stabilize the exchange rate, the expansion of international trade, and promoting world economic development for the purpose, but the way they operate. Because the United States boarded the supreme world leader of the capitalist world economic crisis and after World War II, the dollar’s international status because of its strength of the international gold reserves to get a solid, the two sides reached in April 1944, reflects the White Plan on the establishment of the GB currency experts of the Fund a joint statement. What is â€Å"Bretton woods conferenceâ₠¬ ? The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, commonly known as the Bretton Woods conference, Bretton woods system or Bretton woods agreements. It was a gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. The conference was held from 1-22 July 1944, when the agreements were signed to set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world’s major industrial states in the mid 20th century and also was the first example of a fully negotiated onetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. As a result of the conference, the Bretton Woods system of exchange rate management was set up, which remained in place until itself collapsed in 1971, when President Richard Nixon severed the link between the dollar and gold. What they agreed: * Formation of the IMF and the IBRD (World Bank) Adjustably secured foreign exchange market rate system: * Exchange rate were fixed, with the provision of changing them if necessary * Currencies were required to be convertible for trade related and other current account transactions * All member countries were required to subscribe to the IMF’s capital * if exchange rate might not be favorable to a country’s balance of payments position, the governments had the power to revise them by up to 10% Who’s involved? Delegation from around the world Australia|                     India|     Belgium|                     Iran|     Bolivia|                     Iraq|     Brazil|                     Liberia|     Canada|                     Luxembourg|     Chile|                     Mexico|     China|                     Netherlands|     Colombia|                     New Zealand|     Costa Rica|                     Nicaragua|     Cuba|                     Norway|     Czechoslovakia|                     Panama|     Dominican Republic|                     Paraguay|     Ecuador|                     Peru|     Egypt|                     Philippines|     El Salvador|                     Poland|     Ethiopia|                     Union of South Africa|     France|                     Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|     Greece|                     United Kingdom|     Guatemala|                     United States|     Haiti|                     Uruguay|     Honduras|                     Venezuela|     Iceland|                     Yugoslavia| The United States, having the largest delegation, brought a wide spectrum of economists and politicians to the Bretton Woods Conference. China, represented by the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek, played an active role and was granted the fifth largest quota among the original members of the IMF. Cuba, governed by Ramon Raul San Martin, sent a delegation that represented the interests of small agricultural economies. Delegates from many Latin American nations were deeply involved in the negotiations. The democratic process at Bretton Woods ensured that concerns of all countries were addressed. Though the delegation from the Soviet Union was active at the Conference and signed the draft Articles, the Soviet government later decided not to join the Fund or the Bank. The cooperation of the U. S. and USSR delegations was a positive moment before the onset of the Cold War. In 1944, the Indian delegation to Bretton Woods included both British citizens as well as Indian nationals, as India was still part of the British Empire. Alexander Argyropulos (at right in photo), a member of the Greek delegation, arrived in New York on June 21. Argyropulos had been a prisoner of war for a year. His arrival in the United States culminated in the reunion with his wife and daughter, who had escaped Greece when Axis forces invaded. Camille Gutt one of the Belgian delegation. Once the Fund was established, Gutt was elected as its first Managing Director, a post he held until 1951. Outcomes: The Conference led to the creation of three organizations in order to lead the world economy in the right direction. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and the World Bank. The IMF was intended for keeping track of the monetary policy, to balance the exchange rates, reduce restrictions on the foreign exchange rate, and provide loans to invest in the infrastructure of developing countries and countries that had debts. The number of votes a country for the IMF board depends on its contribution factor towards the reserve. The U. S, U. K, Japan, Germany have 40% of the votes. Out of that percentage, the U. S has 17% of the votes, making them the majority power in the IMF. The GATT encouraged â€Å"laissez-faire system†, to make trade without government intervention, to reduce taxes when two countries are trading with each other and make it fair. It is known now as the World Trade Organization. The World Bank main idea and purpose was to help third world countries and reduce poverty, and to corporations who want to aid the developing countries. The World Bank would offer loans to rebuild roads and utilities. These were the organizations that emerged from the Bretton Woods Agreement. Another outcome for the United States was the Dollar being a â€Å"World Reserve Currency†and that all trade and business will be done in American dollars. Even trade between two different nations that do not use the American dollar as their currency; will do business with each other using the dollar. For example the price of oil from Saudi Arabia will not be in Saudi Rials, but in American dollars. Then those dollars would be redeemable through gold from the U. S at a fixed price of 35$ per ounce. All the countries that signed the Bretton Woods Agreement agreed to fix their currency with the same value as the value of gold. The supply of money a country had went hand in hand with its gold reserves. The countries that were not rich in gold, would have to borrow money in order to finance their investments and development. The system performed trade through stable and adjustable exchange rates. However there was an increase in demand for dollars which lead to an increase in trade deficits, and the value of the dollar remained high. The United states couldn’t fix the exchange rate between itself and other urrencies. It became known as the â€Å"n’th currency problem†. All the countries currencies were at par with the US dollar. The United States worth of gold was $26 billion by 1964. The world’s worth of gold was $33 billion. Many countries held the U. S dollar as their main reserve asset. Because of that, the French President, De Gaulle said the U. S had a privilege of unlimited financing, because of the majority of countries having dollar assets. The U. S was unable to eliminate its deficits. The ways in which the balance payment deficits could be corrected include deflating the economy by using a monetary policy, which means raising interest rates. Another policy to use is the Fiscal Policy that includes reducing government spending in order to reduce demand. The U. S could have also devalued its currency, which meant foreign currency prices are higher. This would reduce exports from foreign currencies, and more exports from the U. S. The Bretton Woods system was successful until 1971, August 15th. A few measures were taken to avoid the system going to fail. They included imposing an â€Å"interest equalization tax†to reduce the outflow of investments and private capital. However this lead to more loans from foreign borrowers. A lot of the funds went to financial institutions in places lke Europe and Japan. The United States President Nixon said the amount of gold that was sent out of the U. S for the 27 years since the agreement was unsustainable. He announced a 90-day freeze on wages and prices, a 10% import surcharge on imports and suspended converting dollars into gold. The value of gold had increased, yet the price of $35 per ounce remained. Even though many countries still owed money to the U. S and were in debt. References: http://weber. ucsd. edu/~jlbroz/Courses/Lund/handouts/Lecture12%20_Bretton_%20Woods. pdf http://id. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sistem_Bretton_Woods http://www2. econ. iastate. edu/classes/econ355/choi/bre. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gold_standard How to cite Bretton Woods Essay, Essay examples
Saturday, December 7, 2019
The gap between rich and poor in the world today Essay Example For Students
The gap between rich and poor in the world today Essay In the world of 1995, there are still huge differeces between rich and poor, developed and less developed countries. But why? Who is to blame? What can we do about it? Many things have been tried out to solve these problems, but does it work? It seems bizarre, that we, modern, intelligent people, have not yet succeded to get rid of the differences between DCs developed countries and LDCs less developed countries. We try, dont we? Every year, we grant 2% of our Gross National Product, GNP, to foreign aid to help the LDCs to get a better standard of living better agriculture, more and better schools and hospitals, access to health personell, medicines, etc.. On the other hand, is our standard of living the best for LDCs, and the one we should impose on them? For instance, what is the point of giving complex macinery like tractors and harvesters, which need expensive fuel and maintenance, to people who have harvested their crops by manpower for hundreds of years? We know for a fact that the money we grant is not being used adequately. A lot of the money is taken by the governments of the less developed countries, and a great amount of the sum are not being used to the purposes they are meant for. Bribery and corruption are huge problems in developing countries. It makes more sense to dig wells for people who walk for miles every day to get their daily water supply, than to support officials with BMWs and grand houses. The World Bank was established, and a large amound of capital was poured in, despite of the fact that the Third World lacked the level of infrastructure, the economic and social background, and the skilled personnel of Europe. The failure of this model of economic development to produce economic well-being and growth for most Third World countries is due to a number of factors. These factors include the concentration of economic resources in the hands of the rich and of unrepresentative governments, the exclusion of the large majority of affected populations from economic decisionmaking, and the integration of Southern economies in an international market where they cannot compete equitably. The industrialized countries are still holding the less developed countries down. Its the DCs who decide coffee-, tea- and sugar-prices, and consequently excercise an indirect control of the countries economy. We also protect ourselves with high import-taxes and low import-quotas. Increasing protectionism in Northern markets shut off some Third World exports, while at the same time, the increased export of some natural resources, lumber from forests, for example, created the conditions for rapid environmental destruction. At the same time, a major debt crisis developed, particularly among those countries in the South that were producing primarily for Northern markets. As the 1990s began, popular movements that included farmers, workers, women, environmentalists and community groups in the South were challenging the adjustment policies and large-scale projects that were ruining the poor and the environment. The goal for these groups is sustainable development: building and protecting a base for long-term development by protecting the natural-resources base, sustaining local culture and traditions, and achieving economic growth by building on the capacities of local populations. In Africa, there are established, with help from, among other countries, Norway, mobile doctors, who visit villages and remote places on regular basis. There are also built a lot of schools with foreign help, there is no doubt that the educational system in most of the LDCs has been improved a great deal over the past few years. These are examples of basic human needs programs which are run with some success because the host-country governments impose their own solutions on local problems. .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c , .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .postImageUrl , .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c , .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c:hover , .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c:visited , .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c:active { border:0!important; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c:active , .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2c3da4ee55c527fbbc75b9c77a0ba8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Concept of banking the education EssayThis way of cooperating with the host-countries has proved to be the best way of helping the developing countries to develop in their own pace and their Third World-way. I guess this is what have kept the Third World countries undeveloped for such a long time: That we have imposed on them OUR development with its flaws, disrespect for nature and other cultures, and the greediness which threatens to ruin the balance of our enviroment.
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